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хрипы в легких у ребенка без температуры чем лечить, Depressive disorder (depression) - World Health Organization , The 12 Deadliest Animals in Connecticut - WorldAtlas, The U.S. Government and Global Tuberculosis Efforts | KFF, The High and Rising Costs of Obesity to the US Health Care , A Leading Cause of Death and Injury - The National Academies , 2020 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI , Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their .
OverviewDepressive disorder (also known as depression) is a common mental disorder. It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time.Depression is different from regular mood changes and feelings about everyday life. It can affect all aspects of life, including relationships with family, friends and community. It can result from or lead to problems at school and at work.Depression can happen to anyone. People who have lived through abuse, severe losses or other stressful events are more likely to develop depression. Women are more likely to have depression than men.An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression (1). Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression (2). More than 700 000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15–29-year-olds.Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment (3). Barriers to effective care include a lack of investment in mental health care, lack of trained health-care providers and social stigma associated with mental disorders. Symptoms and patternsDuring a depressive episode, a person experiences a depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty). They may feel a loss of pleasure or interest in activities.A depressive episode is different from regular mood fluctuations. They last most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.Other symptoms are also present, which may include:poor concentrationfeelings of excessive guilt or low self-worthhopelessness about the futurethoughts about dying or suicidedisrupted sleepchanges in appetite or weightfeeling very tired or low in energy.Depression can cause difficulties in all aspects of life, including in the community and at home, work and school.A depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number and severity of symptoms, as well as the impact on the individual’s functioning. There are different patterns of depressive episodes including:single episode depressive disorder, meaning the person’s first and only episode;recurrent depressive disorder, meaning the person has a history of at least two depressive episodes; andbipolar disorder, meaning that depressive episodes alternate with periods of manic symptoms, which include euphoria or irritability, increased activity or energy, and other symptoms such as increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, increased self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and impulsive reckless behaviour. Contributing factors and preventionDepression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. People who have gone through adverse life events (unemployment, bereavement, traumatic events) are more likely to develop depression. Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person’s life situation and the depression itself.Depression is closely related to and affected by physical health. Many of the factors that influence depression (such as physical inactivity or harmful use of alcohol) are also known risk factors for diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases. In turn, people with these diseases may also find themselves experiencing depression due to the difficulties associated with managing their condition.Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. Interventions for parents of children with behavioural problems may reduce parental depressive symptoms and improve outcomes for their children. Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.Diagnosis and treatmentThere are effective treatments for depression. These include psychological treatment and medications. Seek care if you have symptoms of depression.Psychological treatments are the first treatments for depression. They can be combined with antidepressant medications in moderate and severe depression. Antidepressant medications are not needed for mild depression.Psychological treatments can teach new ways of thinking, coping or relating to others. They may include talk therapy with professionals and supervised lay therapists. Talk therapy can happen in person or online. Psychological treatments may be accessed through self-help manuals, websites and apps. Effective psychological treatments for depression include: behavioural activationcognitive behavioural therapyinterpersonal psychotherapyproblem-solving therapy.Antidepressant medications include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine.Health-care providers should keep in mind the possible adverse effects associated with antidepressant medication, the ability to deliver either intervention (in terms of expertise, and/or treatment availability), and individual preferences. Antidepressants should not be used for treating depression in children and are not the first line of treatment in adolescents, among whom they should be used with extra caution.Different medications and treatments are used for bipolar disorder. Self-careSelf-care can play an important role in managing symptoms of depression and promoting overall well-being.What you can do:try to keep doing activities you used to enjoystay connected to friends and familyexercise regularly, even if it’s just a short walkstick to regular eating and sleeping habits as much as possibleavoid or cut down on alcohol and don’t use illicit drugs, which can make depression worsetalk to someone you trust about your feelings seek help from a healthcare provider.If you have thoughts of suicide:remember you are not alone, and that many people have gone through what you’re experiencing and found helptalk to someone you trust about how you feeltalk to a health worker, such as a doctor or counsellorjoin a support group.If you think you are in immediate danger of harming yourself, contact any available emergency services or a crisis line.WHO responseWHO’s Mental health action plan 2013–2030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental disorders including depression. Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHO’s The Programme aims to help countries increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance use disorders through care provided by health workers who are not specialists in mental health. WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by lay therapists to individuals and groups. An example is the , which describes the use of behavioural activation, stress management, problem solving treatment and strengthening social support. Moreover, the describes group treatment of depression. Finally, the covers the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy for perinatal depression. ReferencesInstitute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (Accessed 4 March 2023).Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:86–92. Evans-Lacko S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, et al. Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Psychol Med. 2018;48(9):1560-1571. , Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression (1). Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression (2). More than 700 000 people die due to suicide every year., In the United States, 1.3 million treat-and-release Emergency Department visits yearly result from animal-related injuries, and a further 60,000 people per year are admitted for hospital stays. The truth, however, is that many animal-related injuries can be avoided with a little bit of knowledge, caution, and preparedness..
Still, in 2023, there were an estimated 10.8 million new cases of TB globally, including 662,000 new cases in people living with HIV, and an estimated 1.25 million people died from TB, including , In this editorial we re-estimate our IV models of the impact of obesity on medical care costs using MEPS data for 2006–2013, that is, after adding 3 more years of data (2011–2013) and removing older years of data (2000–2005) from our sample. 3 Table 1 below indicates that we estimate that obesity raises the medical care costs of obese , Based on analysis of 459 adverse events identified by reviewing the medical records of 14,732 randomly selected 1992 discharges from 28 hospitals in Colorado and Utah, Thomas et al. estimated the total costs (lost income, lost household production, disability and health care costs) to be nearly $662 million of which health care costs totaled , The year 2020 was a tragic and historic year in our nation’s history, marked by the emergence of the COVID-19 global pandemic. With a total of 20 million cases and 372,000 deaths, and daily admissions reaching over 15,000, COVID-19 had a major impact on U.S. healthcare delivery in 2020 1 ., This study reviews, develops, and incorporates new estimates and methods in quantifying the global burden of mental illness. Using a composite estimation approach that accounts for premature mortality due to mental disorders and additional sources of morbidity and applying a value of a statistical life approach to economic valuation, we determine global and regional estimates of the economic , .