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Asthma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & TreatmentLocations:||||||Home/Health Library/Diseases & Conditions/AsthmaAdvertisementAdvertisementAsthmaAsthma is a condition that causes your airways to swell, narrow and fill with mucus. This can make it hard to breathe or cause other symptoms, like chest tightness, cough and wheezing. Common asthma triggers include allergies (like pets or pollen), smoke, cold weather, exercise, strong smells and stress. Asthma attacks can be fatal if not treated.AdvertisementCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. PolicyCare at Cleveland ClinicAsthma Treatment for AdultsFind a Doctor and SpecialistsAsthma Treatment for ChildrenFind a Pediatric Doctor and SpecialistsMake an AppointmentContentsArrow DownContentsArrow DownWhat Is Asthma?Asthma triggers like allergies, cold, stress, smells or exercise cause your airways to tighten, swell and fill with mucus.Asthma is a condition that causes long-term (chronic) inflammation in your airways. The inflammation makes them react to certain triggers, like pollen, exercise or cold air. During these attacks, your airways narrow (bronchospasm), swell up and fill with mucus. This makes it hard to breathe or causes you to cough or wheeze. Without treatment, these flare-ups can be fatal.AdvertisementCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. PolicyMillions of people in the U.S. and around the world have asthma. It can start in childhood or develop when you’re an adult. It’s sometimes called bronchial asthma.Types of asthmaTypes of asthma include:Allergic asthma: when allergies trigger asthma symptomsCough-variant asthma: when your only asthma symptom is a coughExercise-induced asthma: when exercise triggers asthma symptomsOccupational asthma: when substances you breathe in at work cause you to develop asthma or trigger asthma attacksAsthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS): when you have both asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)Symptoms and CausesNeha Solanki, MD, shares what causes asthma and if patients can outgrow it.Symptoms of asthmaSymptoms of asthma include:Shortness of breathWheezingChest tightness, pain or pressureCoughYou might have asthma most of the time (persistent asthma). Or you might feel fine in between asthma attacks (intermittent asthma).Asthma causesExperts aren’t sure what causes asthma. But you might be at a higher risk if you:Live with allergies or eczema (atopy)Were exposed to toxins, fumes or secondhand or thirdhand smoke (residue left behind after smoking), especially early in lifeHave a biological parent with allergies or asthmaExperienced repeated respiratory infections (like RSV) as a childAsthma triggersAsthma triggers are anything that causes asthma symptoms or makes them worse. You might have one specific trigger or many. Common triggers include:AdvertisementAir pollution: factory emissions, car exhaust, wildfire smokeAllergies: pollen, dust mites, pet dander, other airborne allergensCold air: especially in winterExercise: especially intense physical activity and cold-weather sportsMold: even if you’re not allergicOccupational exposures: sawdust, flour, glues, latex, building materialsRespiratory infections: colds, flu and other respiratory illnessesSmoke: smoking, secondhand smoke, thirdhand smokeStress: physical or emotionalStrong chemicals or smells: perfumes, nail polish, household cleaners, air freshenersAsthma triggers can bring on an attack right away. Or it might take hours or days for an attack to start after you’re exposure to a trigger.Complications of asthmaAsthma can cause severe flare-ups that don’t get better with treatment (status asthmaticus). This can be fatal if you can’t get enough oxygen to your organs and tissues.Diagnosis and TestsHow doctors diagnose asthmaAn allergist or pulmonologist diagnoses asthma by asking about your symptoms and performing lung function tests. They’ll ask about your personal and family medical history. It can be helpful to let them know what makes asthma symptoms worse and if anything helps you feel better.TestsYour provider might determine how well your lungs are working and rule out other conditions with:Allergy blood tests or skin tests: These can determine if an allergy is triggering your asthma symptoms.Blood count: Providers can look at eosinophil and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and target them for treatment if they’re elevated. Eosinophils and IgE can be elevated in certain types of asthma.Spirometry: This is a common lung function test that measures how well air flows through your lungs.Chest X-rays or CT scans: These can help your provider look for causes of your symptoms.A peak flow meter: This can measure how much your airways are restricted during certain activities.Management and TreatmentWhat is the best way to manage asthma?The best way to manage asthma is to avoid any known triggers and use medications to keep your airways open. Your provider might prescribe:Maintenance inhalers: These usually contain inhaled steroids that reduce inflammation. Sometimes, they’re combined with different types of bronchodilators (medicines that open your airways).A rescue inhaler: Fast-acting “rescue” inhalers can help during an asthma attack. They contain a bronchodilator that quickly opens your airways, like albuterol.A nebulizer: Nebulizers spray a fine mist of medication through a mask on your face. You might use a nebulizer instead of an inhaler for some medications.Leukotriene modifiers: Your provider might prescribe a daily pill to help reduce asthma symptoms and your risk of an asthma attack.Oral steroids: Your provider might prescribe a short course of oral steroids for a flare-up.Antihistamines: Your provider might recommend cetirizine (Zyrtec®), loratadine (Claritin®), fexofenadine (Allegra®) or other allergy medications if you have allergic asthma.Biologic therapy: Treatments like monoclonal antibodies might help severe asthma.Bronchial thermoplasty: If other treatments don’t work, your provider may suggest bronchial thermoplasty. In this procedure, a pulmonologist uses heat to thin the muscles around your airways.AdvertisementAsthma action planYour healthcare provider will work with you to develop an asthma action plan. This plan tells you how and when to use your medicines. It also tells you what to do when you have certain symptoms and when to seek emergency care. Ask your healthcare provider to walk you through it.When should I see my healthcare provider?Talk to your healthcare provider if you’re having frequent asthma attacks or feel like your symptoms aren’t manageable. Make sure you understand your asthma action plan and when to go to the emergency room.Use your rescue inhaler, then call 911 (or your local emergency number) if you’re having a severe asthma attack or are experiencing these symptoms:Anxiety or panicBluish, whitish or grayish fingernails, lips or gumsChest pain or pressureCoughing that won’t stopSevere wheezing when you breatheDifficulty talking or swallowingPale, sweaty faceRapid breathingCare at Cleveland ClinicAsthma Treatment for AdultsFind a Doctor and SpecialistsAsthma Treatment for ChildrenFind a Pediatric Doctor and SpecialistsMake an AppointmentOutlook / PrognosisWhat can I expect if I have asthma?Most people with asthma can manage their symptoms. Asthma management means you:Can do the things you want to do at work and homeHave no (or minimal) asthma symptomsRarely need to use your rescue inhalerCan sleep without asthma symptoms waking you upDon’t need oral steroids for flare-ups more than twice a yearSome people are able to avoid triggers and have no symptoms most of the time. Others need to use a maintenance inhaler or other medications in addition to avoiding triggers. Kids may have fewer or no symptoms as they get older and their airways get bigger.AdvertisementWhat can I do to feel better?You might be able to reduce or avoid asthma symptoms with a few everyday habits. These include:Avoid triggers whenever possible. It might be helpful to keep a symptoms journal to figure out what makes your symptoms worse.Be physically active to a level that’s right for you. Ask your provider what they recommend. A pulmonary rehabilitation program might help.Don’t smoke or vape.Let your provider know if you’re unable to use inhalers or take medication as prescribed.A note from Cleveland ClinicSome people have lived with asthma their whole lives. Others are taken by surprise by a diagnosis as an adult. It can take time to figure out your triggers and find ways to manage your breathing that work for you. Working closely with your healthcare team can help. It might be reassuring to know that most people are able to manage their asthma symptoms and continue doing the things they love.AdvertisementCare at Cleveland ClinicYou might feel anxious when your child gasps and wheezes. Cleveland Clinic Children’s asthma experts are here to help them (and you) breathe easier.Asthma Treatment for AdultsFind a Doctor and SpecialistsAsthma Treatment for ChildrenFind a Pediatric Doctor and SpecialistsMake an AppointmentMedically ReviewedLast reviewed on 06/18/2025.Learn more about the and our .ReferencesAdvertisementAdvertisementAdAppointments Rendered: Wed Jun 25 2025 20:00:51 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)ActionsBlog, News & AppsAbout Cleveland ClinicSite Information & Policies9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 800.223.2273 | © 2025 Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved., Long-term asthma control medications, generally taken daily, are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely you'll have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids., Depending on the severity of your asthma, doctors might opt for several different treatment options. Learn more about the different types of inhalers, nebulizers, medications, and lifestyle .
Each person's asthma is different. You and your healthcare provider will work together to establish the best treatment plan based on your symptoms and needs. After your healthcare provider diagnoses your asthma, you will be prescribed medicines that help control asthma. By taking the right medicine , Biologic therapy: Treatments like monoclonal antibodies might help severe asthma. Bronchial thermoplasty : If other treatments don’t work, your provider may suggest bronchial thermoplasty. In this procedure, a pulmonologist uses heat to thin the muscles around your airways., There are some medications available to treat asthma. The most common treatments are bronchodilators, which can be used in the short term to treat an asthma attack or in the long term to manage , , , .