Applied: R. v. Oakes, 1986 CanLII 46 (SCC), [1986] 1 S.C.R. 103; considered: R. v. Sullivan, 2020 ONCA 333, 151 O.R. (3d) 353; R. v. Daviault, 1994 CanLII 61 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 63; referred to: R. v. Stone, 1999 CanLII 688 (SCC), [1999] 2 S.C.R. 290; Rabey v. The Queen, 1980 CanLII 44 (SCC), [1980] 2 S.C.R. 513; R. v. Luedecke, 2008 ONCA 716, 93 O.R. (3d) 89; R. v. Sullivan, 2022 SCC 19, [2022] 1 S.C.R. 460; Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act, 1985 CanLII 81 (SCC), [1985] 2 S.C.R. 486; R. v. Creighton, 1993 CanLII 61 (SCC), [1993] 3 S.C.R. 3; Leary v. The Queen, 1977 CanLII 2 (SCC), [1978] 1 S.C.R. 29; R. v. Bernard, 1988 CanLII 22 (SCC), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 833; Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard, [1920] A.C. 479; R. v. Chaulk, 1990 CanLII 34 (SCC), [1990] 3 S.C.R. 1303; R. v. Parks, 1992 CanLII 78 (SCC), [1992] 2 S.C.R. 871; Bratty v. Attorney‑General for Northern Ireland, [1963] A.C. 386; R. v. Ruzic, 2001 SCC 24, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687; R. v. Bouchard‑Lebrun, 2011 SCC 58, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 575; R. v. Théroux, 1993 CanLII 134 (SCC), [1993] 2 S.C.R. 5; R. v. Vaillancourt, 1987 CanLII 2 (SCC), [1987] 2 S.C.R. 636; R. v. Hundal, 1993 CanLII 120 (SCC), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 867; R. v. Roy, 2012 SCC 26, [2012] 2 S.C.R. 60; R. v. Penno, 1990 CanLII 88 (SCC), [1990] 2 S.C.R. 865; R. v. DeSousa, 1992 CanLII 80 (SCC), [1992] 2 S.C.R. 944; Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford, 2013 SCC 72, [2013] 3 S.C.R. 1101; Carter v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 5, [2015] 1 S.C.R. 331; Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp., 1994 CanLII 39 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835; R. v. Mills, 1999 CanLII 637 (SCC), [1999] 3 S.C.R. 668; R. v. Malmo‑Levine, 2003 SCC 74, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 571; R. v. George, 2017 SCC 38, [2017] 1 S.C.R. 1021; R. v. Levigne, 2010 SCC 25, [2010] 2 S.C.R. 3; R. v. Chaulk, 2007 NSCA 84, 257 N.S.R. (2d) 99; R. v. Morrison, 2019 SCC 15, [2019] 2 S.C.R. 3; R. v. Vickberg (1998), 1998 CanLII 15068 (BC SC), 16 C.R. (5th) 164; Ontario v. Canadian Pacific Ltd., 1995 CanLII 112 (SCC), [1995] 2 S.C.R. 1031; R. v. Beatty, 2008 SCC 5, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 49; R. v. Cooper, 1993 CanLII 147 (SCC), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 146; R. v. K.R.J., 2016 SCC 31, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 906; Frank v. Canada (Attorney General), 2019 SCC 1, [2019] 1 S.C.R. 3; Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, 2009 SCC 37, [2009] 2 S.C.R. 567; R. v. Robinson, 1996 CanLII 233 (SCC), [1996] 1 S.C.R. 683; RJR‑MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 1995 CanLII 64 (SCC), [1995] 3 S.C.R. 199; Quebec (Attorney General) v. A, 2013 SCC 5, [2013] 1 S.C.R. 61; R. v. Martineau, 1990 CanLII 80 (SCC), [1990] 2 S.C.R. 633; R. v. Dunn (1999), 1999 CanLII 36525 (ON SC), 28 C.R. (5th) 295; Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General), 1993 CanLII 75 (SCC), [1993] 3 S.C.R. 519; R. v. Brenton (1999), 1999 CanLII 4334 (NWT SC), 180 D.L.R. (4th) 314; R. v. Chan, 2018 ONSC 3849, 365 C.C.C. (3d) 376; R. v. Stevens, 1988 CanLII 44 (SCC), [1988] 1 S.C.R. 1153; R. v. Hess, 1990 CanLII 89 (SCC), [1990] 2 S.C.R. 906., R v Brown [1993] UKHL 19, [1994] 1 AC 212 [1] is a House of Lords judgment which re-affirmed the conviction of five men for their involvement in consensual unusually severe sadomasochistic sexual acts over a 10-year period., Similar matters are at the heart of the Crown appeals in R. v. Sullivan and R. v. Chan, for which judgments are rendered simultaneously with this case (R. v. Sullivan, 2022 SCC 19, [2022] 1 S.C.R. 460) (the “ Sullivan and Chan appeals”)..