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Introduction & Quick FactsLandReliefThe HimalayasThe Outer Himalayas (the Siwalik Range)The Lesser HimalayasThe Great HimalayasAssociated ranges and hillsThe Indo-Gangetic PlainThe DeccanThe Western GhatsThe Eastern GhatsInland regionsCoastal areasIslandsDrainageDrainage into the Bay of BengalThe Ganges-Brahmaputra river systemPeninsular riversDrainage into the Arabian SeaLakes and inland drainageSoilsIn situ soilsRed-to-yellow soilsBlack soilsAlluvial soilsClimateThe monsoonsThe southwest monsoonRainfall during the retreating monsoonTropical cyclonesImportance to agricultureTemperaturesPlant and animal lifeVegetationAnimal lifeMammalsBirdsReptiles, fish, and insectsConservationPeopleEthnic groupsLanguagesIndo-European languagesDravidian and other languagesLingua francasMinor languages and dialectsReligionsCasteSettlement patternsPopulation densityRural settlementUrban settlementDemographic trendsEconomyAgriculture, forestry, and fishingAgricultureCropsLivestockForestryFishingResources and powerManufacturingFinanceTradeServicesLabour and taxationTransportation and telecommunicationsRailways and roadsWater and air transportTelecommunicationsGovernment and societyConstitutional frameworkConstitutional structureUnion governmentExecutive branchLegislative branchBureaucracyForeign policyState and local governmentsJusticePolitical processSecurityHealth and welfareHousingEducationCultural lifeCultural milieuDaily life and social customsFamily and kinshipFestivals and holidaysCuisineClothingThe artsArchitectureDance and musicTheatre, film, and literatureCultural institutionsSports and recreationMedia and publishingHistoryIndia from the Paleolithic Period to the decline of the Indus civilizationThe early prehistoric periodThe Indian PaleolithicMesolithic huntersThe earliest agriculturalists and pastoralistsNeolithic agriculture in the Indus valley and BaluchistanDevelopments in the Ganges basinEarliest settlements in peninsular IndiaEarliest settlements in eastern IndiaThe rise of urbanism in the Indus valleyExtent and chronology of Early Harappan culturePrincipal sitesSubsistence and technologyCulture and religionThe Indus civilizationCharacter and significanceChronologyExtentPlanning and architectureImportant sitesMohenjo-daroHarappaKalibanganLothalOther important sitesPopulationAgriculture and animal husbandryCommunicationsCraft and technologyTrade and external contactsLanguage and scripts, weights and measuresSocial and political systemArtReligion and burial customsThe end of the Indus civilizationPost-Harappan developmentsThe Post-Urban Period in northwestern IndiaThe appearance of Indo-Aryan speakersThe late 2nd millennium and the reemergence of urbanismPeninsular India in the aftermath of the Indus civilization (c. 2000–1000 bce)The development of Indian civilization from c. 1500 bce to c. 1200 ceTraditional approaches to Indian historiographyTrends in early Indian societyFrom c. 1500 to c. 500 bceEarly Vedic periodLater Vedic period (c. 800–c. 500 bce)The beginning of the historical period, c. 500–150 bcePre-Mauryan statesLocationPolitical systemsEconomyReligionMagadhan ascendancyCampaigns of Alexander the GreatThe Mauryan empireChandragupta MauryaBindusaraAshoka and his successorsFinancial base for the empireMauryan societyMauryan governmentAshoka’s edictsMauryan declineThe concept of the stateFrom 150 bce to 300 ceRise of small kingdoms in the northIndo-Greek rulersCentral Asian rulersOligarchies and kingdomsThe Shunga kingdomKalingaThe Andhras and their successorsSouthern Indian kingdomsContacts with the WestSociety and cultureGuildsFinanceImpact of tradeReligious patronageLiteratureAssimilation of foreignersFrom 300 to 750 ceNorthern IndiaThe GuptasSuccessor statesThe DeccanSouthern IndiaSociety and cultureFrom 750 to c. 1200Northern IndiaThe tripartite struggleThe RajputsThe coming of the TurksThe Deccan and the southThe ColasThe Hoysalas and PandyasSociety and cultureThe economySocial mobilityReligionLiterature and the artsThe early Muslim periodNorth India under Muslim hegemony, c. 1200–1526The Delhi sultanateThe Turkish conquestThe early Turkish sultansConsolidation of the sultanateThe KhaljīsCentralization and expansionTaxation and distribution of revenue resourcesExpansion and conquestsThe urban economyThe TughluqsReversal and rebellionSociety and the state under the TughluqsDecline of the sultanateThe rise of regional statesStruggle for supremacy in northern IndiaThe Muslim states of southern India, c. 1350–1680The Bahmani sultanateBahmanī consolidation of the DeccanExternal and internal rivalriesVizierate of Maḥmūd GāwānBahmanī declineSuccessors to the BahmanīThe Vijayanagar empire, 1336–1646Development of the stateConquestsConsolidationWars and rivalriesDecentralization and loss of territoryLater dynastiesReconsolidationGrowth of powerRenewed decentralizationRelations with the Muslim statesDecline of VijayanagarMilitary policiesLoss of central controlBreakup of the empireAdministration of the empirePre-Mughal Indian dynastiesThe Mughal Empire, 1526–1761The significance of Mughal ruleThe establishment of the Mughal EmpireBāburConquest of HindustanBābur’s achievementsHumāyūnSher Shah and his successorsRestoration of HumāyūnThe reign of Akbar the GreatExtension and consolidation of the empireThe early yearsStruggle for firm personal controlSubjugation of RajasthanConquest of Gujarat and BengalThe frontiersThe state and society under AkbarCentral, provincial, and local governmentThe composition of the Mughal nobilityOrganization of the nobility and the armyRevenue systemFiscal administrationCoinageEvolution of a nonsectarian stateAkbar in historical perspectiveThe empire in the 17th centuryJahāngīrLoss of KandahārSubmission of MewarDevelopments in the DeccanRebellion of Khurram (Shah Jahān)Mahābat Khan’s coupShah JahānThe Deccan problemCentral Asian policyWar of successionAurangzebLocal and peasant uprisingsAssessment of AurangzebMughal decline in the 18th centuryThe Sikh uprisingsCracks in the coreStruggle for a new power centerThe emperor, the nobility, and the provincesNādir Shah’s invasionThe Afghan-Maratha struggle for northern IndiaPolitical and economic decentralization during the Mughal declineRegional states, c. 1700–1850The MarathasEarly historyRise of the peshwasSubordinate Maratha rulersMughal mystique in the 18th centuryThe case of MysoreChallenge from the northwestThe Afghan factor in northern India, 1747–72The Sikhs in the PunjabEarly historyFrom Banda Singh Bahadur to Ranjit SinghRajasthan in the 18th centuryThe south: Travancore and MysorePolitics and the economyCultural aspects of the late precolonial orderIndia and European expansion, c. 1500–1858European activity in India, 1498–c. 1760The PortugueseThe DutchThe British, 1600–1740The FrenchThe Anglo-French struggle, 1740–63European military superiorityRevolution in BengalThe extension of British power, 1760–1856The period of disorder, 1760–72The Company BahadurThe company and the stateRelations with the Marathas and MysoreThe ascent to paramountcyThe government of Lord WellesleyThe government of Lord MintoThe government of Lord HastingsThe settlement of 1818Organization and policy in British IndiaOrganizationThe determination of policyThe completion of dominion and expansionThe first century of British influencePolitical effectsEconomic effectsSocial effectsCultural effectsThe mutiny and great revolt of 1857–59Nature and causes of the rebellionThe revolt and its aftermathBritish imperial power, 1858–1947Climax of the raj, 1858–85Government of India Act of 1858Social policyGovernment organizationEconomic policy and developmentForeign policyThe northwest frontierThe Second Anglo-Afghan WarThe incorporation of BurmaIndian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920Origins of the nationalist movementThe early Congress movementThe first partition of BengalNationalism in the Muslim communityReforms of the British LiberalsModerate and militant nationalismWorld War I and its aftermathIndia’s contributions to the war effortAnti-British activityThe postwar yearsJallianwala Bagh massacreGandhi’s strategyPrelude to independence, 1920–47Constitutional reformsThe Congress’s ambivalent strategyMuslim separatismThe impact of World War IIBritish wartime strategyThe transfer of power and the birth of two countriesThe Republic of IndiaThe Nehru era, 1947–64Government and politicsForeign policyEconomic planning and developmentPost-Nehru politics and foreign policyThe 1965 war with PakistanIndira Gandhi’s impactThe Bangladesh warEmergency ruleThe Janata interlude and the return of Indira GandhiSikh separatismFrom Rajiv to Rao: India from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990sThe premiership of Rajiv GandhiForeign policyV.P. Singh’s coalition—its brief rise and fallCongress government of P.V. Narasimha RaoIndia since the mid-1990sThe first and second BJP governmentsThe BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok SabhaBJP gains in electionsDivisiveness of BJP governmentCongress Party rule under Manmohan SinghDomestic policyForeign policyReturn of the BJP under Narendra ModiMonetary and tax reformsBJP reelection bids and tensions in KashmirAddressing COVID-19 and its economic impactPrime ministers of India, Founded in 1901, Indian Motorcycle is an American brand of motorcycles manufactured in Spirit Lake, Iowa. Designed to embody Indian Motorcycles reputation for innovation, performance and style without sacrificing the technology of today., India is a diverse multiethnic country that is home to thousands of small ethnic and tribal groups. That complexity developed from a lengthy and involved process of migration and intermarriage..
Ndian is a department of Southwest Region in Cameroon. It is located in the humid tropical rainforest zone about 650 km (400 mi) southeast of Yaoundé, the capital., India is a peninsular country. It has the Indian Ocean to the south, the Arabian Sea in the southwest, the Bay of Bengal in the southeast, and the Himalayas up north. It has six neighbours: Pakistan in the northwest; [i] China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east. Sri Lanka and the Maldives are nearby to the south., Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic., How well do you know the rich history and culture of Native American tribes? Challenge yourself and see if you can answer questions about famous leaders like Sitting Bull, events like the Trail of Tears, and the contributions of Native Americans in wartime. #NativeAmericanHistory #HistoryQuiz #NativeAmericanTribes., Over the centuries, the relationship of Virginia’s Indian population and the Commonwealth has varied greatly. In 1982 the Virginia General Assembly began a process to study and identify tribal groups that would be formally recognized by the Commonwealth in carrying out its governmental mission., India is a large country located on the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. India is geographically positioned both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. It is bordered by Afghanistan and Pakistan in the north-west; by China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north; and by Bangladesh and Burma (Myanmar) in the east..