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текст песни на звонки не отвечай как будто дома нет, Magdeburg rights - Wikipedia, 马格德堡权利 - 华文百科, Magdeburg : Magdeburg Law, MAGDEBURG LAW (MAGDEBURG RIGHTS) - JewishEncyclopedia.com, Sachsenspiegel (German Law) - marywcraig, Magdeburg rights - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, Magdeburg rights explained.
Magdeburg’s development from the eleventh century onward thus appears in a contradictory duality of ecclesiastical and imperial political decline and internal, architectural and urban progress. As early as the end of the tenth century, Magdeburg had acquired a mercantile settlement holding market rights, reaping the benefits of its favourable location on the eastern edge of the highly fertile Magdeburger Boerde plain on the banks of the Elbe, itself a key north-south transport route which brought the city lucrative trade from river shipping. Otto I had endowed St Maurice’s monastery in the city with the revenues from tolls and minting in the years 937 and 942, reconfirming its right to the income from this mercatus in 965 and thereby transferring to it his dominion over the market and its residents. These rights passed to the archbishop in 968, making him lord of the city; he additionally received the Königsbann (royal rights) over Magdeburg and the right of jurisdiction over the city’s Jews – in the first mention of this group in written sources – and the remaining resident merchants. Otto II confirmed and extended these endowments in the years 973, 975 and 979, additionally granting the merchants resident in Magdeburg relief from all civic dues and road, bridge and river tolls. The chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg (in office 1009–1018) record for the year 1016 optimi civitatis, that is, the existence of a privileged stratum within the city. Conrad II, renewing privileges of the city in 1025, emphasised that Magdeburg’s citizenry had permission to conduct trade in the Holy Roman Empire and in the barbaricis regionibus (barbarian regions), a concession which exerted enduring uplift on Magdeburg’s civic and economic development. The sources of this period provide outlines of Magdeburg’s further urban and legal advancement, noting the existence in the eleventh century of the office of a monastic reeve who, in the context of the archbishop’s authority over the city, exercised jurisdiction in higher criminal matters, including capital cases, and held military command., Magdeburg rights (German: Magdeburger Recht, Polish: Prawo magdeburskie, Lithuanian: Magdeburgo teisė; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, [1] which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the , 规定 马格德堡（Magdeburg）是 汉萨（Hanseatic）联盟 的成员，是最重要的贸易城市之一，它与 低地国家， 波罗的海国家 和内政部保持商业（例如，布劳恩斯奇格（ Braunschweig ） ）。与大多数中世纪城市法律一样，这些权利主要是针对监管贸易，以造福当地商人和工匠的利益，后者构成了许多此类城市 .
This ‘Magdeburg law’ or ‘Magdeburg rights’, as it was soon called, was very much a mercantile legal code, yet it subsequently developed into a new civic and municipal law, supplemented by provisions protecting assemblies of citizens and enabling these to take their place as instruments of civic political and legal decision-making., MAGDEBURG LAW (MAGDEBURG RIGHTS): By: Herman Rosenthal, Peter Wiernik General name for a system of privileges "securing the administrative independence of municipalities," which was adopted in many parts of Germany, Poland, and Bohemia ("Encyc. Brit.")., German Law was a system of civic government that allowed the merchants and artisans of towns a degree of control in trade and town governance. There were three main types: Lübeck Law, Nüremberg-Vienna Law and Magdeburg Law or Magdeburg Rights. Magdeburg Rights were a set of town privileges established by the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto…, Magdeburg Rights (German: Magdeburger Recht) or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was possibly the most important set of Germanic mediæval city laws. Adopted , Magdeburg rights (de|Magdeburger Recht, pl|Prawo magdeburskie, lt|Magdeburgo teisė; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, [1] which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler. Named after the city of Magdeburg, these town charters were , Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. In the Late Middle Ages, Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League..