стратегическое планирование как инструмент развития
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стратегическое планирование как инструмент развития, Urban ecosystem | Human Impact, Biodiversity & Pollution - Britannica, Advance the ecosystem approach in cities - Nature, Ecosystem services response to urbanization in metropolitan areas , Urban Ecosystems: Balancing Nature in Cities - Green Living Answers, The state of the world’s urban ecosystems: What can we learn from trees , URBAN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and , Urban Ecosystems: Implications of Climate Change: ERIT: Environmental .
Torrens River, Adelaide, South AustraliaParklands along the Torrens River, Adelaide, South Australia.(more)Although has traditionally been associated with a higher for urban as opposed to rural dwellers, a number of ills such as concentrated urban , environmental inequity, and reduced economic opportunity plague new cities in the developing world as well as old postindustrial city centres. Such problems might be addressed by better planning and by ecologically conscious . One solution could involve an increase in “green spaces” and their more effective distribution through the urban landscape. In fact, the amount of green space actually present in cities is difficult to predict based on the density or age of the settlement. In some dense, older American cities, green space is present—as in ’s 6,000 acres (2,400 hectares) of parks, which are part of the city’s nearly 39,000 acres (about 15,800 hectares) of open space. and are two other older cities with well-developed open space networks. Some sprawling cities, such as , which have grown substantially since the 1970s and ’80s, have very little parkland, whereas others, such as , have large mountain parks nearby but little open space integrated within the urban fabric. Urban green space, including desert and wetland habitats, provides opportunities to improve the ecological processing of pollution and to moderate the local climate. Open space also imparts green amenities—shade from trees, the aesthetic benefits of natural scenery, and recreational space—for all citizens., Urban ecosystem, any ecological system located within a city or other densely settled area or, in a broader sense, the greater ecological system that makes up an entire metropolitan area. The largest urban ecosystems are currently concentrated in Europe, India, Japan, eastern China, South America,, The ecosystem approach incorporates nature into urban settings to make them more sustainable, liveable and resilient, and means managing cities themselves as ecosystems: intricately connected.
This study quantified four ecosystem services (i.e. soil conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen production, water yield, and food production) and total ecosystem services (TES), and then identified multiple advantageous area of ecosystem services in the peri-urban area of Beijing City., Urban ecosystems are the blend of nature and human-made structures that define our cities. They encompass everything from the air we breathe, the water that courses through our urban landscapes, to the greenery that dots our cityscapes., Since most people live in towns and cities, urban greenspaces are key points of influence for conservation, but also provide diverse ecosystem services., We emphasize an open definition of urban systems that accounts for the exchanges of material and influence between cities and surrounding landscapes. Re-search on ecology in urban systems highlights the nature of the physical environment, including urban climate, hydrology, and soils., Urban ecosystems are an interface between biological communities of plants and animals and urban infrastructure. They can include urban forests, native plantings, or green infrastructure such as green roofs, community gardens, and rain gardens., Eighty percent of Americans now live in metropolitan areas, and the advantages and challenges of living in these developed areas—convenience, congestion, employment, pollution—are part of the day-to-day realities of most Americans..