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срок подачи апелляционной жалобы резолютивная часть, Malaria - World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria - World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria - World Health Organization (WHO), INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AND HEALTH - CHAPTER 7 Malaria, Malaria - Ethiopia - World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria in Viet Nam - World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria in China - World Health Organization (WHO).
Key factsGlobally in 2023, there were an estimated 263 million malaria cases and 597 000 malaria deaths in 83 countries.The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden.In 2023, the WHO African Region was home to 94% of malaria cases (246 million) and 95% (569 000) of malaria deaths.Children under 5 accounted for about 76% of all malaria deaths in the Region.OverviewMalaria is a life-threatening disease spread to humans by some types of mosquitoes. It is mostly found in tropical countries. It is preventable and curable.The infection is caused by a parasite and does not spread from person to person.Symptoms can be mild or life-threatening. Mild symptoms are fever, chills and headache. Severe symptoms include fatigue, confusion, seizures, and difficulty breathing.Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women and girls, travellers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk of severe infection. Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites and with medicines. Treatments can stop mild cases from getting worse.Malaria mostly spreads to people through the bites of some infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Blood transfusion and contaminated needles may also transmit malaria. The first symptoms may be mild, similar to many febrile illnesses, and difficulty to recognize as malaria. Left untreated, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness and death within 24 hours.There are 5 Plasmodium parasite species that cause malaria in humans and 2 of these species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest threat. P. falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African continent. P. vivax is the dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The other malaria species which can infect humans are P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi.SymptomsThe most common early symptoms of malaria are fever, headache and chills.Symptoms usually start within 10–15 days of getting bitten by an infected mosquito.Symptoms may be mild for some people, especially for those who have had a malaria infection before. Because some malaria symptoms are not specific, getting tested early is important. Some types of malaria can cause severe illness and death. Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women, travellers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk. Severe symptoms include:extreme tiredness and fatigue impaired consciousnessmultiple convulsionsdifficulty breathingdark or bloody urinejaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin) abnormal bleeding.People with severe symptoms should get emergency care right away. Getting treatment early for mild malaria can stop the infection from becoming severe. Malaria infection during pregnancy can also cause premature delivery or delivery of a baby with low birth weight. Disease burdenAccording to the latest World malaria report, there were 263 million cases of malaria in 2023 compared to 252 million cases in 2022. The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 597 000 in 2023 compared to 600 000 in 2022.The WHO African Region continues to carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2023 the Region was home to about 94% of all malaria cases and 95% of deaths. Children under 5 years of age accounted for about 76% of all malaria deaths in the Region.Over half of these deaths occurred in four countries: Nigeria (30.9%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (11.3%), Niger (5.9%) and United Republic of Tanzania (4.3%).PreventionMalaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites and by taking medicines. Talk to a doctor about taking medicines such as chemoprophylaxis before travelling to areas where malaria is common.Lower the risk of getting malaria by avoiding mosquito bites: Use mosquito nets when sleeping in places where malaria is present.Use mosquito repellents (containing DEET, IR3535 or Icaridin) after dusk.Use coils and vaporizers. Wear protective clothing.Use window screens.Vector control is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies as it is highly effective in preventing infection and reducing disease transmission. The 2 core interventions are insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Progress in global malaria control is threatened by emerging resistance to insecticides among Anopheles mosquitoes. However, new generation nets, which provide better protection against malaria than pyrethroid-only nets, are becoming more widely available and represent an important tool in global efforts to combat malaria. Anopheles stephensi presents an added challenge for malaria control in Africa. Originally native to parts of south Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the invasive mosquito species has been expanding its range over the last decade, with detections reported to date in eight African countries. An. stephensi thrives in urban settings, endures high temperatures and is resistant to many of the insecticides used in public health.ChemoprophylaxisTravellers to malaria endemic areas should consult their doctor several weeks before departure. The medical professional will determine which chemoprophylaxis drugs are appropriate for the country of destination. In some cases, chemoprophylaxis drugs must be started 2–3 weeks before departure. All prophylactic drugs should be taken on schedule for the duration of the stay in the malaria risk area and should be continued for 4 weeks after the last possible exposure to infection since parasites may still emerge from the liver during this period.Preventive chemotherapies is the use of medicines, either alone or in combination, to prevent malaria infections and their consequences. It requires giving a full treatment course of an antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations at designated time points during the period of greatest malarial risk, regardless of whether the recipients are infected with malaria. Preventive chemotherapy includes perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC), seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and school-aged children (IPTsc), post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) and mass drug administration (MDA). These safe and cost-effective strategies are intended to complement ongoing malaria control activities, including vector control measures, prompt diagnosis of suspected malaria, and treatment of confirmed cases with antimalarial medicines.VaccineSince October 2021, WHO has recommended broad use of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission. The vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, and deadly severe malaria, among young children. In October 2023, WHO recommended a second safe and effective malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M. Vaccines are now being rolled out in routine childhood immunization programmes across Africa. Malaria vaccines in Africa are expected to save tens of thousands of young lives every year. The highest impact will be achieved, however, when the vaccines are introduced alongside a mix of other WHO-recommended malaria interventions such as bed nets and chemoprophylaxis.Treatment of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths and contributes to reducing transmission. WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed using parasite-based (through either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test). Malaria is a serious infection and always requires treatment with medicine. Multiple medicines are used to prevent and treat malaria. Doctors will choose one or more based on: the type of malaria whether a malaria parasite is resistant to a medicinethe weight or age of the person infected with malaria whether the person is pregnant. These are the most common medicines for malaria:Artemisinin-based combination therapy medicines are the most effective treatment for P. falciparum malaria.Chloroquine is recommended for treatment of infection with the P. vivax parasite only in places where it is still sensitive to this medicine.Primaquine should be added to the main treatment to prevent relapses of infection with the P. vivax and P. ovale parasites. Most medicines used are in pill form. Some people may need to go to a health centre or hospital for injectable medicines. Antimalarial drug resistanceSubsequent to the emergence of partial artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong subregion, WHO is very concerned about confirmed partial artemisinin resistance in Eritrea, Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Based on available evidence, such resistance is also suspected in Ethiopia, Namibia, Sudan and Zambia. In 2022, WHO developed a . Regular monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy is needed to inform treatment policies in malaria-endemic countries, and to ensure early detection of, and response to, drug resistance.For more on WHO’s work on antimalarial drug resistance in the Greater Mekong subregion, visit the webpage. Genetic mutationsMost rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria target one or two specific proteins produced by the P. falciparum malaria parasite: HRP2 and HRP3. However, parasites with genetic mutations, that prevent the expression of these proteins, are not detected by these tests. This means that malaria patients may not be diagnosed, allowing these mutated parasites to spread. In 2023, these mutated parasites were reported in 41 malaria endemic countries, including in Burkina Faso, Chad, Togo, and Indonesia for the first time. Although their prevalence is still low in most countries, it exceeds 15% in Brazil, Djibouti, Eritrea, Nicaragua and Peru.Elimination, The most common early symptoms of malaria are fever, headache and chills. Symptoms usually start within 10–15 days of getting bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms may be mild for some people, especially for those who have had a malaria infection before. Because some malaria symptoms are not specific, getting tested early is important., Human malaria caused by other Plasmodium species can cause significant illness and occasionally life-threatening disease. Malaria can be diagnosed using tests that determine the presence of the parasites causing the disease. There are 2 main types of tests: microscopic examination of blood smears and rapid diagnostic tests..
Children with severe malaria frequently develop one or more of the following symptoms: severe anaemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria. In adults, multi-organ failure is also frequent. In malaria endemic areas, people may develop partial immunity, allowing asymptomatic infections to occur., Malaria 7.1 Background Malaria is a common and life-threatening disease in many tropical and subtropical areas. There is currently a risk of malaria transmission in 91 countries and territories, and these are visited by more than 125 million international travellers every year., Between 1 January and 20 October 2024, over 7.3 million malaria cases and 1157 deaths (CFR 0.02%) were reported in Ethiopia. Malaria poses a significant public health challenge in Ethiopia, where approximately 75% of the land mass is considered to be endemic to malaria. Around 69% of the population residing in these areas face the risk of infection where periodic outbreaks contribute to up to , In 2017, about 219 million cases of malaria were estimated in 90 countries, and 435 000 of malaria deaths reported. Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache, and vomiting, and usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs., Malaria is preventable and curable. Symptoms include fever, headache and vomiting and usually appear 10-15 days after the mosquito bite. If not treated, then malaria can quickly become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs. Malaria was once widespread in China, with over 24 million cases reported in the early 1970s., Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites that are spread to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquito vectors. Of the 5 parasite species that cause malaria in humans, P. falciparum is the most deadly. The first symptoms of malaria – fever, headache, and chills – usually appear 10–15 days after the infective mosquito bite..