Vagus nerve stimulation was the choice of treatment because the patient was severely disabled and electroencephalography demonstrated multiple and bilateral independent foci. Case 2: An aged patient after stroke with poor general condition A 65-year-old female suffered from hemorrhagic infarction due to embolic stroke (Fig. 2A, B)., We studied patients in Japan with epilepsy that is difficult to treat. To understand if adding vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) helps such patients, we looked at which patients stopped having all seizures or stopped having a specific seizure type (such as tonic–clonic seizures or focal seizures), and how long these periods lasted., Abstract Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) system is a fully implantable electrical stimulator, which stimulates the left vagus nerve to reduce or mitigate epileptic seizures among drug-resistant patients. Three years have passed since VNS was approved in Japan. Until now, more than 500 devices were implanted., Researchers in Japan are investigating electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve as an alternative to pharmaceuticals to treat heart failure., In order to investigate the efficacy and the safety of vagus nerve stimulation for refractory partial epileptic seizures, a cooperative study was performed in seven institutes of Japan from 1993 to 2000. Thirty-four patients were subjected to this NCP implantation study. The short-term observations for 6 months and the long-term observation of more than 5 years revealed that this treatment was , Abstract Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established option of adjunctive treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, however, evidence for long-term efficacy is still limited. Studies on clinical outcomes of VNS in Asia are also limited..