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OverviewAnaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal. It mainly affects women and children.Anaemia occurs when there isn’t enough haemoglobin in the body to carry oxygen to the organs and tissues.In severe cases, anaemia can cause poor cognitive and motor development in children. It can also cause problems for pregnant women and their babies.Anaemia can be caused by poor nutrition, infections, chronic diseases, heavy menstruation, pregnancy issues and family history. It is often caused by a lack of iron in the blood.Anaemia is preventable and treatable.In many low- and lower-middle income settings, the most commonly- recognized causes of anaemia are iron deficiency and malaria.Scope of the problemThe population groups most vulnerable to anaemia include children under 5 years of age, particularly infants and children under 2 years of age, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women.Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 15–49 years of age and 269 million children 6–59 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 15–49 years were affected by anaemia. The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.Signs and symptomsAnaemia causes symptoms such as fatigue, reduced physical work capacity, and shortness of breath. Anaemia is an indicator of poor nutrition and other health problems.Common and non-specific symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness dizziness or feeling light-headedcold hands and feetheadacheshortness of breath, especially upon exertion.Severe anaemia can cause more serious symptoms including:pale mucous membranes (in the mouth, nose etc.) pale skin and under the fingernailsrapid breathing and heart ratedizziness when standing up bruising more easily. CausesAnaemia is diagnosed based on blood haemoglobin concentrations falling below specified thresholds established based on age, sex, and physiological status. It is considered a symptom of an underlying condition(s).Anaemia may be caused by several factors: nutrient deficiencies, inadequate diet (or the inadequate absorption of nutrients), infections, inflammation, chronic diseases, gynaecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders.Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. Deficiencies in vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 and riboflavin can also result in anaemia due to their specific roles in the synthesis of haemoglobin and/or erythrocyte production. Additional mechanisms include nutrient losses (e.g. blood loss from parasitic infections, haemorrhage associated with childbirth, or menstrual loss), impaired absorption, low iron stores at birth, and nutrient interactions affecting iron bioavailability.Infections can be another important cause of anaemia, depending on the local burden of infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV and parasitic infections. Infections can impair nutrient absorption and metabolism (e.g. malaria, ascariasis) or can cause nutrient loss (e.g. schistosomiasis, hookworm infection). Many different chronic conditions can cause inflammation and lead to anaemia of inflammation or anaemia of chronic disease. HIV infection causes anaemia through a wide range of mechanisms including ineffective production or excessive destruction of red blood cells, blood loss, and side effects of the drug treatment.Consistent heavy menstrual losses, maternal blood volume expansion during pregnancy, and blood loss during and after childbirth, particularly in cases of postpartum haemorrhage, commonly lead to anaemia.Additionally, in some regions, inherited red blood cell disorders are a common cause of anaemia. These include conditions such as α- and β-thalassemia due to abnormalities of haemoglobin synthesis, sickle cell disorders due to changes in the haemoglobin structure, other haemoglobinopathies due to haemoglobin gene variants, abnormalities of red cell enzymes, or abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane.Treatment and prevention The treatment and prevention of anaemia depend on the underlying cause of the condition. There are many effective ways to treat and prevent anaemia. Changes in diet can help reduce anaemia in some cases, including:eating foods that are rich in iron, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and other nutrients eating a healthy diet with a variety of foods taking supplements if a qualified health-care provider recommends them.Other health conditions can cause anaemia. Actions include:prevent and treat malariaprevent and treat schistosomiasis and other infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms)get vaccinated and practice good hygiene to prevent infectionsmanage chronic diseases like obesity and digestive problemswait at least 24 months between pregnancies and use birth control to prevent unintended pregnanciesprevent and treat heavy menstrual bleeding and haemorrhage before or after birth, Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no , La anemia puede deberse a varios factores: carencias nutricionales, dieta inadecuada (o absorción inadecuada de nutrientes), infecciones, inflamaciones, enfermedades crónicas, afecciones ginecológicas y obstétricas y trastornos hereditarios de los glóbulos rojos..
Anaemia can cause a range of non-specific symptoms including tiredness, weakness, dizziness or light-headedness, drowsiness, and shortness of breath, especially upon exertion. Children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable, with more severe cases of anaemia leading to an increased risk of maternal and child mortality. Iron deficiency anaemia has also been shown to affect cognitive and , Appropriate guidelines for measuring haemoglobin and defining anaemia are crucial for both clinical and public health medicine but require consideration of a range of complexities across different populations., What does this indicator tell us? The indicator anaemia has a wide variety of causes. Iron deficiency is considered to be the most common cause of anaemia; other causes include acute and chronic infections that result in inflammation and blood loss; deficiencies of other vitamins and minerals, especially folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A; and genetically inherited traits, such as thalassaemia , WHO Global Anaemia estimates, 2025 Edition Global anaemia estimates in women 15-49 years, by pregnancy status Millions of women of reproductive age and children under age five may currently be experiencing fatigue, lethargy, or shortness of breath due to anaemia. Such debilitating symptoms usurp the well-being and productivity of human capital, and in women, in particular, which ultimately , Los micronutrientes son vitaminas y minerales que necesita el cuerpo en cantidades muy pequeñas. Sin embargo, su impacto en la salud de un cuerpo es crítico, y la deficiencia en cualquiera de ellos puede causar condiciones graves e incluso potencialmente mortales. Realizan una gama de funciones, incluyendo permitir que el cuerpo produzca enzimas, hormonas y otras sustancias necesarias para , Overview This document aims to provide users of the Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) with information about the use of haemoglobin concentration for diagnosing anaemia. It is a compilation of current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations on the topic and summarizes the cut-offs for defining anaemia and its severity at the population level, as well as the .