Declaration of interests HL reports support for attending meetings or travel from Roche, Sanofi, Amgen, Takeda, and Pfizer; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Roche, MSD, Sanofi, Takeda, Daiichi, Amgen, and Pfizer. LG reports grants or contracts to their institution from Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Takeda, Pfizer, Roche, Amgen, Sanofi, Janssen, Lilly, and Novartis; payment or honoraria for lectures or presentations from Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Takeda, Pfizer, Roche, Amgen, Sanofi, Janssen, Lilly and Novartis; support for attending meetings or travel from Pfizer, MSD, AstraZeneca, Takeda, and Amgen; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for InhaTarget Therapeutics. OB reports consulting fees from Roche, Takeda, and AstraZeneca; and honoraria for lectures and presentations from MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Janssen. IM reports honoraria for educational events from Regeneron; and support for attending meetings or travel from Pfizer and MSD. AV reports consulting fees from Pierre Fabre, Amgen, and MSD; support for attending meetings or travel from Pierre Fabre and Amgen; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for MSD, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Amgen, and Pierre Fabre. PD reports support for attending meetings or travel from Takeda and Accord Healthcare; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Bristol-Myers Squibb. FG reports consulting fees from Roche, Takeda, and AstraZeneca; honoraria for lectures or presentations from MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Janssen; and congress travel expenses from AstraZeneca and MSD. RC reports meeting presentations and participation on boards for Bristol-Myers Squibb. CCh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Bayer, and Amgen; and support for attending meetings or travel from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Bayer, and Amgen. CR reports consulting fees from Roche, Takeda, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, and Sanofi; honoraria for lectures or presentations from Sanofi, Takeda, and AstraZeneca; and support for attending meetings or travel from MSD and Sanofi. CCr, CAV, LF, MG, SH, and CL declare no competing interests., Abstract Progress in the treatment of patients with advanced stage squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been limited. An improvement in the understanding of tumor immunosurveillance has resulted in the development of the immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab., Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy confers a modest benefit over surgery alone for resectable non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In early-phase trials, nivolumab-based neoadjuvant regimens .