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It might require you to actually do something before it infects your computer. This action could be opening an email attachment or going to a particular webpage.Some forms of malware propagate without user intervention and typically start by exploiting a software vulnerability. Once the victim computer has been infected, the malware will attempt to find and infect other computers. This malware can also propagate via email, websites, or network-based software.Some malware claims to be one thing, while in fact doing something different behind the scenes. For example, a program that claims it will speed up your computer may actually be sending confidential information to a remote intruder.Vulnerabilities — Vulnerabilities are flaws in software, firmware, or hardware that can be exploited by an attacker to perform unauthorized actions in a system. They can be caused by software programming errors. Attackers take advantage of these errors to infect computers with malware or perform other malicious activity.To minimize the risks of cyberattacks, follow basic cybersecurity best practices:Keep software up to date. Install software patches so that attackers cannot take advantage of known problems or vulnerabilities. Many operating systems offer automatic updates. If this option is available, you should enable it. ( for more information.)Run up-to-date antivirus software. A reputable antivirus software application is an important protective measure against known malicious threats. It can automatically detect, quarantine, and remove various types of malware. Be sure to enable automatic virus definition updates to ensure maximum protection against the latest threats. Note: Because detection relies on signatures—known patterns that can identify code as malware—even the best antivirus will not provide adequate protections against new and advanced threats, such as zero-day exploits and polymorphic viruses.Use strong passwords. Select passwords that will be difficult for attackers to guess, and use different passwords for different programs and devices. It is best to use long, strong passphrases or passwords that consist of at least 16 characters. (.)Change default usernames and passwords. Default usernames and passwords are readily available to malicious actors. Change default passwords, as soon as possible, to a sufficiently strong and unique password.Implement multifactor authentication (MFA). Authentication is a process used to validate a user's identity. Attackers commonly exploit weak authentication processes. MFA uses at least two identity components to authenticate a user's identity, minimizing the risk of a cyber attacker gaining access to an account if they know the username and password. (.)Install a firewall. Firewalls may be able to prevent some types of attack vectors by blocking malicious traffic before it can enter a computer system, and by restricting unnecessary outbound communications. Some device operating systems include a firewall. Enable and properly configure the firewall as specified in the device or system owner's manual. (See .)Be suspicious of unexpected emails. Phishing emails are currently one of the most prevalent risks to the average user. The goal of a phishing email is to gain information about you, steal money from you, or install malware on your device. Be suspicious of all unexpected emails. (See .)Refer to and for more information from the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) on how to improve your cybersecurity posture and protect yourself and from cyberattacks., Defending yourself against cyberattacks starts with understanding the risks associated with cyber activity, what some of the basic cybersecurity terms mean, and what you can do to protect yourself., Sophisticated cyber actors and nation-states exploit vulnerabilities to steal information and money and work to develop capabilities to disrupt, destroy, or threaten the delivery of essential services. Defending against these attacks is essential to maintaining the nation’s security. Any cyber-attack, no matter how small, is a threat to our national security and must be identified, managed .
CISA provides information on cybersecurity best practices to help individuals and organizations implement preventative measures and manage cyber risks., Malware, phishing, and ransomware are common forms of cyber-attacks. CISA offers the tools and services needed to protect against and rapidly respond to attacks., The AI Cybersecurity Collaboration Playbook provides guidance to organizations across the AI community –including AI providers, developers, and adopters – for sharing AI-related cybersecurity information voluntarily with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and other partners through the Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative (JCDC). While focused on strengthening , The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC) are releasing this joint advisory to disseminate known Medusa ransomware TTPs and IOCs, identified through FBI investigations as recently as February 2025., What's Included CISA's no-cost, in-house cybersecurity services designed to help individuals and organizations build and maintain a robust and resilient cyber framework. An extensive selection of free cybersecurity services and tools provided by the private and public sector to help organizations further advance their security capabilities., CISA Tabletop Exercise Packages (CTEP) are a comprehensive set of resources designed to assist stakeholders in conducting their own exercises. Partners can use CTEPs to initiate discussions within their organizations about their ability to address a variety of threat scenarios. Each package is customizable and includes template exercise objectives, scenarios, and discussion questions as well .