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смотреть фильм преступление будет раскрыто 12 серия, List of countries in Europe, Phthalates and Their Impacts on Human Health - PMC, Is animal testing necessary to advance medical research?, Review of Evidence of Environmental Impacts of Animal , Consumer Perception of Genetically Modified Organisms and , Book censorship in the United States - Wikipedia, .
In rodent studies, it was found that phthalates have low acute toxicity with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 1–30 g/kg bodyweight, and its toxicity is mainly concentrated in the liver, kidney, thyroid gland tissue, and testis []. Evidence for adverse effects on reproduction and development in animals and humans is ample. According to the laboratory experiment on pregnant animals, exposure to DBP at 100 mg/kg bodyweight/day is toxic to fetal development []. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for DEHP to humans is 4.8 mg/kg bodyweight/day and the tolerate daily intake (TDI) is 48 μg/kg bodyweight []. Studies found that low molecular phthalates, such as DEP, can acutely irritate the skin, conjunctiva, and mucous membrane of the oral and nasal cavities []. Phthalate exposure is associated with adverse developmental effects in terms of increased prenatal mortality, reduced growth and birth weight, skeletal, visceral, and external malformations in rodents []. Experiments on male rats found that the nervous system is rather sensitive to low doses of DEHP exposure during puberty []. The impacts of phthalates on human beings vary from gene expression to physiological changes. High molecular weight phthalates exposure is found to cause methylation status of imprinted genes, which could be directly related to androgen response, estrogen response, protein secretion, and spermatogenesis [,]. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalates exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in both women and men, for instance, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, asthma []. Among all phthalates, DEHP was most frequently tested and had the highest concentration in food, except in beef where di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) has the highest concentration []. In household dust, DEHP (median contamination level in indoor air: 400–700 ng/m3, (max. 410,000) mg/kg) has been found at high concentrations []. Evidence found that DEHP was significantly related to insulin resistance and higher systolic blood pressure and the reproduction system problems, including earlier menopause, low birth weight, pregnancy loss, and preterm birth []. During 2003–2004, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that the US population has been widely exposed to phthalates []. Women were found to be exposed at higher levels than men due to frequent use of PCPs (e.g., soaps and cosmetics) []. A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that phthalates metabolites MBzP and MiBP were negatively associated with breast cancer among females []. Risk assessment of chemicals involves a comparison of the actual level of exposure to the acceptable level of exposure, mostly TDI values. But phthalates are a group of chemicals with individually different TDIs but with similar metabolites and impacts on the human body. Hence, the cumulative risk assessment is more appropriate to measure the risk of phthalates presented by summing the hazard quotient (HQ) as a hazard index (HI). Søeborg, et al. measuring the HQs and HIs of five phthalates, including DEHP, DBP, BBP, DINP, and DIDPA, found that DEHP and DBP contributed the greatest proportion of the HI. According to the NHANES data, the HI values of 10% of pregnant women exceeded 1, which means 10% of pregnant women were negatively impacted by phthalates, meanwhile, the Study for Future Families (SFF) found that the HI values of 4–5% of infants exceeded 1 [].5. Impacts of Phthalates on Children, Europe's largest country is Russia (37% of total continent area), and the smallest one is Vatican City, which occupies only a tiny territory in the center of Rome. The most visited travel destination in this part of the world is France with its capital Paris as the best place of interest, followed by Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Germany., Previous studies have found that infants and toddlers when contacting polymer toys may be exposed to levels of 5 to 44 μg/kg bodyweight/day of DiNP . Later studies reported that around 20% of the children have been exposed to higher levels of phthalates than the cumulative TDI for DEHP and DBP [ 18 ]..
The suffering of animals used in medical research is not contested, although the scale of it often is. However, views diverge sharply on whether animal experimentation is part of good science and results in medical breakthroughs for humans, or whether such progress could have been achieved by other means., Attempts have been made to show the environmental impact of animal testing based on resources used in animal research, waste production in laboratories, sources of pollution, impacts on laboratory , Twenty-eight countries grew GM crops in 2014; 8 of these are industrial countries, whereas 20 are developing and rely on the ability of biotechnologically engineered crops to increase yields. Overall, GMO crops are now grown on 181.5 million hectares of land, which is 100 times the area cultivated with GMOs in 1996 ( 10 )., A book banning protest in Atlanta, Georgia. A woman holds her sign of protest. Book censorship is the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational material on the grounds that it is objectionable according to the standards applied by the censor. [1], , .