In the –rst case we are counting the number of binary numbers with l digits and in the general case l digit numbers in base k: We can again use recurrence by noting that are k possibilities for what to place in the l th cell., A combinatorial proof is one where instead of doing lots of traditional math (say algebra), we make a conceptual counting argument to prove a claim. Let's look at a simple example: Prove that for all positive integers k, ( 𝒌)! 𝒌 is an integer. Consider counting the number of permutations of the n symbols x 1, x 1, x 2, x 2, These notes are inspired by the course Combinatorial Counting (Kombinatoricke poc tan , NDMI015) which I have been teaching on Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University in Prague. Their main theme is how to count nite things, precisely or, with less emphasize, asymptotically. Following topics are covered., Combinatorics provides tools to answer questions like: How many ways can a set of objects be arranged? How many combinations or selections can be made from a group?, Counting Integer Solutions (Stars and Bars Method): Used to count the number of non-negative integer solutions to equations of the form $x_1 + x_2 + \dotsm + x_n = k$. Formula: \[ \text{Number of solutions} = \binom{k + n - 1}{n - 1} \] Key Points: Adjust for constraints by redefining variables. Equates to combinations with repetition., Given an integer $n$, count the $n\times n$ matrices with entries from the set $S = \{1,2,\cdots, n^2\}$ chosen only once, such that each row entries and column entries are in arithmetic progression. The constraint on this problem is quiet interesting..